ABSTRACT
There is evidence that PM2.5 could be obesogenic. Lima is one of the most polluted cities in South America, with an increasing prevalence of childhood obesity. This study aimed to determine the association between PM2.5 exposure of children aged 6 to 59 months and being overweight or obese (O/O) in a significant dataset survey. Cases were defined when weight for height Z-score (WHZ) was >2 standard deviations (SD) from the mean, for each sex. A control was defined when WHZ was between ±2 SD. We used a conditional logistic regression model to calculate the odds ratio (OR) between extrauterine and intrauterine PM2.5 exposure and O/O. Extrauterine PM2.5 exposure was evaluated as a 6-month PM2.5 mean prior to the survey. We found a significant association between O/O and extrauterine (OR: 1.57, 1.51−1.63) and intrauterine (OR: 1.99, 1.88−2.12) PM2.5 exposure for an increment of 10 µg/m3. The ORs increased as the quartile increased in both exposures. We observed a higher association in children aged 6−11 months (OR: 3.07, 2.84−3.31). In conclusion, higher levels of PM2.5 in Lima and Callao were associated with cases of O/O in children from 6 to 59 months, with the association higher for prenatal exposure.
ABSTRACT
BACKGROUND: We have previously documented an inverse relationship between PM2.5 in Lima, Peru, and reproductive outcomes. Here, we investigate the effect of temperature on birth weight, birth weight-Z-score adjusted for gestational age, low birth weight, and preterm birth. We also explore interactions between PM2.5 and temperature. METHODS: We studied 123,034 singleton births in three public hospitals of Lima with temperature and PM2.5 during gestation between 2012 and 2016. We used linear, logistic, and Cox regression to estimate associations between temperature during gestation and birth outcomes and explored possible modification of the temperature effect by PM2.5. RESULTS: Exposure to maximum temperature in the last trimester was inversely associated with both birth weight [ß: -23.7; 95% confidence interval [CI]: -28.0, -19.5] and z-score weight-for-gestational-age (ß: -0.024; 95% CI: -0.029, -0.020) with an interquartile range of 5.32 °C. There was also an increased risk of preterm birth with higher temperature (interquartile range) in the first trimester (hazard ratio: 1.04; 95% CI: 1.001, 1.070). The effect of temperature on birthweight was primarily seen at higher PM2.5 levels. There were no statistically significant associations between temperature exposure with low birth weight. CONCLUSIONS: Exposition to maximum temperature was associated with lower birth weight and z-score weight-for-gestational-age and higher risk of preterm birth, in accordance with much of the literature. The effects on birth weight were seen only in the third trimester.
ABSTRACT
La presente publicación relata la contribución peruana en investigación en salud ambiental. En cinco capítulos se exploran diversos temas desarrollados en el programa GEOHealth Hub centered in Peru. Se aborda el tema de actualidad: Cambio climático. Además, se presentan investigaciones sobre la contaminación del aire, capítulo que se divide en calidad del aire interior y exterior donde abordamos las partículas emitidas por procesos antropogénicos y su impacto en la salud, no dejando de lado los compuestos orgánicos volátiles y la interacción del virus Sars-CoV-2 con el medio ambiente. El agua es un alimento indispensable para el ser humano, en éste capítulo se revisan los temas del saneamiento , seguridad alimentaria y el impacto en la salud humana por la contaminación del agua con arsénico en el Perú. El capítulo de metodología de la investigación propone estrategias para el manejo y análisis de datos para una investigación a través de fuente primaria o secundaria. El último capítulo es una miscelánea de temas de interés socioambiental con impacto a la salud, así como de educación ambiental y fiscalización ambiental
